Sunday, January 31, 2016

Flathead Cams

Flathead Performance Cams

Here we discuss aftermarket performance cams for the Ford Flathead engines, but have included a few of the stock cams for comparison. Performance cams arrived soon after the first Model Ts rolled off the assembly line.  New performance cams followed the production of each new model, so Model A/B performance cams and flathead V8 cams followed soon after those engines arrived.  Below is a preliminary table with the numbers for a combination of antique and currently available cams. Unfortunately, we're not into Model As, so we don't know much about those.  For Model A cams, I refer you to Bill Stipe at Specialty Motor Cams.  The information in the table comes from books, catalogs and websites. 
In order to evaluate performance cams (see Cam Performance), it is important to have detailed information on the stock cams. Ford listed only seat-to-seat numbers in their manuals (see Cam Design History).  Throughout the flathead era, Ford cams employed opening and closing ramps that ended at a lift of 0.015 inches and the timing numbers were taken at this lift.  The only exceptions were the Model T and Model B (exhaust), which had no ramps, and the 1949-51 V8 (8BA).  The 8BA had greater ramp height (0.018 to 0.020) and correspondingly larger valve lash.  In addition to seat-to-seat numbers, the duration at 0.050 lift is very important when evaluating the performance potential of cams.  We have calculated the 0.050 numbers from the original Ford drawings and listed them here for the first time.
We have not personally verified the accuracy of all the numbers presented in the table   We have checked a few Ford cams and found that they agreed well with the drawings. We can also vouch for the Stipe Model T cams and the TilTech V8 cam (see Degreeing a Cam), since we designed them and have verified their accuracy. We have checked a couple of V8 performance cams and found in both cases that the seat-to-seat duration was greater than the values in the table.  This seems to be the most common area where discrepancies occur.  On flathead and other cams we typically find that the seat-to-seat duration is greater than specified by ten degrees or more.  Some manufacturers list "advertised" or "gross" duration rather than true seat-to-seat numbers.  Isky states that their numbers are taken at 0.020 lift.  What does 0.020 have to do with anything?  So, be careful when using the values listed in the table.  Before you buy a cam, make sure you have all the numbers and you know at what lifts they were measured  Both the seat-to-seat and 0.050 numbers are important, so do not buy a cam without knowing these values. We recommend that once you purchase a cam you should do a thorough job degreeing it.  If it does not meet the specifications return it.  If you don't mind a poor idle and poor low end performance, then don't worry about seat-to-seat duration.

intake intake exhaust exhaust intake exhaust intake exhaust
open close open close adv adv 0.05 0.05 valve intake exhaust lobe deg. intake exhaust valve
Cam BTDC ABDC BBDC ATDC duration duration duration duration overlap center center separation adv. lift lift lash reference
Model T Cams:
Stipe Improved Stock -12 52 39 1 220 220 185.2 185.2 -11.0 122.0 109.0 115.5 -6.5 0.250 0.250 0.010 original specs
Stipe 280 grind -10 54 45 7 224 232 191.8 199.4 -3.0 122.0 109.0 115.5 -6.5 0.280 0.280 0.010 original specs
Laurel-Roof (Stipe) -10 55 55 10 225 245 196.7 205.2 0.0 122.5 112.5 117.5 -5 0.310 0.310 0.010 original specs
Green Engineering -10 55 55 10 225 245 0.0 122.5 112.5 117.5 -5 0.300 0.300
Gordon Cam -5 60 50 5 235 235 0.0 122.5 112.5 117.5 -5 0.300 0.300
Muskegon Cam -5 50 55 10 225 245 5.0 117.5 112.5 115.0 -2.5 0.313 0.313
Model A/B Cams:
Stock Model B 8 56 56 8 244 244 207.8 214.9 16.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 0 0.334 0.341 .015/.022 original drawing
Early V8/6 Cams:
Stock 37-48 (78-6250) 0 44 48 6 224 234 197.1 201.0 6.0 112.0 111.0 111.5 -0.5 0.307 0.307 .011/.015 original drawing
Stock 49-51 (8BA-6250) 5 44 48 3 229 231 197.9 198.8 8.0 109.5 112.5 111.0 1.5 0.307 0.307 .014/.018 original drawing
Stock 49-50 Merc (8CM) 10 50 50 10 240 240 207.5 207.5 20.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.338 0.338 .012/.014 original drawing
Stock 46-52 6 cyl 7HA 11 41 48 10 232 238 205.2 211.4 21.0 105.0 109.0 107.0 2 0.350 0.350 original drawing
TilTech 8CM Plus 10 50 50 10 240 240 213.0 213.0 20.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.350 0.350 .012/.014 proposed
Harmon-Collins Semi 16 54 54 16 250 250 32.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 0 0.320 0.320 .011/.013 Huntington
Winfield Semi 14 58 58 14 252 252 217.5 217.5 28.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 0 0.295 0.295 .012/.014 Huntington, Isky
Schneider 248F 16 52 56 12 248 248 220.0 220.0 28.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.350 0.350 .010/.012 Schneider
TilTech V8_220 14 54 54 14 249 249 220.0 220.0 28.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.360 0.360 .012/.014 Tilden
Potvin P329 16 60 59 17 256 256 33.0 112.0 111.0 111.5 -0.5 0.329 0.329
Harmon-Collins 3/4 19 59 54 14 258 248 33.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.320 0.320 .011/.013 Huntington
Winfield 3/4 18 62 58 14 260 252 32.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 0 0.305 0.295 .012/.014 Huntington
Harmon-Collins Full 19 59 59 19 258 258 38.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.320 0.320 .011/.015 Huntington
Winfield Full 18 62 62 18 260 260 36.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 0 0.305 0.305 .012/.014 Huntington
Schneider 260F -.326 22 58 62 18 260 260 220.0 220.0 40.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.326 0.326 .010/.012 Schneider
Isky 77-B 19 61 61 19 260 260 220.0 220.0 38.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 0 0.325 0.325 .014/.014 Isky cam card
Crower SPL59A 22 62 62 22 264 264 224.0 224.0 44.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 0 0.322 0.320
Isky 88 21 63 63 21 264 264 224.0 224.0 42.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 0 0.320 0.320 .010/.012 Isky cam card
Isky Max #1 13.5 55.5 55.5 13.5 249 249 226.0 226.0 27.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 0 0.364 0.364 .014/.014 Isky cam card
Schneider 260F - .355 22 58 62 18 260 260 226.0 226.0 40.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.355 0.355 .010/.012 Schneider
Comp Cams Thumpr 25.5 61.5 75.5 43.5 267 299 227.0 241.0 69.0 108.0 106.0 107.0 -1 0.355 0.355 .010/.012 Schneider
Winfield SU1A 29 71 71 29 280 280 229.0 239.0 58.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 0 0.343 0.365 .012/.012 Isky cam card
Winfield SU1A 28 72 62 22 280 264 50.0 112.0 110.0 111.0 -1 0.350 0.330 .012/.014 Huntington
Schneider 250F 17 53 57 13 250 250 230.0 230.0 30.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.365 0.365 .010/.012 Schneider
Schneider 270F - .350 27 63 67 23 270 270 234.0 234.0 50.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.350 0.350 .010/.012 Schneider
Schneider 270F - .425 27 63 67 23 270 270 236.0 236.0 50.0 108.0 112.0 110.0 2 0.425 0.425 .010/.012 Schneider
Isky 400 Jr 18 60 60 18 258 258 244.0 244.0 36.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 0 0.400 0.400 .018/.018 Isky cam card
Potvin P357 23 67 66 24 270 270 47.0 112.0 111.0 111.5 -0.5 0.357 0.357
footnotes:
  1. Angles and duration measured at 0.020 for Isky cams, not seat-to-seat
How would you select a cam from the table above?  When talking about performance street cams, Huntington states in his classic book (see References - "How to HopUp Ford and Mercury V8 Engines"):
   Obviously what we want is longer valve open periods, greater lift, and quicker opening and closing.
This statement is in perfect harmony with our Cam Design method.  At the top of the Cam Performance page is a plot of dyno data for a stock flathead V8 engine with various cams.  The data, from Roger Huntington's book, is still valid today.  In his excellent new book, "Flathead Facts", John Lawson presents more recent dyno data comparing cams.  We have used both sets of data to construct the plot at the left.  The graph shows the ratio of power and torque for performance cams relative to a stock cam in the same engine.   Lawson used an Isky Max-1 cam, while Huntington did not state which 3/4 and full race cams he used, most likely Winfield or Harmon-Collins (see What's a 3/4 Race Cam?), .
As stated on the Cam Performance page, we first need to consider what we're after in a performance camshaft.  When selecting a cam, you must remember not to overdo the duration.  This is called overcamming, and it's one of the most common mistakes made when building a motor. As you increase the duration you will increase the peak horsepower, but you will lose some low end torque. The graph at left shows this tradeoff for 3/4 and full race cams.  As the duration is increased, this tradeoff become more pronounced. No one wants a street motor with no power below 3000 RPM.
For a street performance motor, we believe that most of the available 3/4 cams lose too much low end torque for good drivability.  The Max 1 and 3/4 race cams shown in the graph have intake duration of about 225 degrees.  The large majority of stock motors (both the 8BA and 59AB) had about 197 degrees of intake duration.  Although this may conflict with popular folklore, we believe the cam in a street motor should not have more than 215 to 220 degrees duration at 0.050. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any performance cams with less than 220 degrees duration.  If you can find a Mercury 8CM cam, that would be a good option.  We designed the TilTech V8_220 and had one ground for our pickup project, but it may have too much duration.  More recently we designed the 8CM Plus cam shown in the table, but one of these has not yet been ground.  High compression heads, more cubes, improved carburetion, better flow, and gearing can make up for the loss of low end power, but a low duration cam will always have more torque than a long duration cam, and we all love these engines for their torque.
Now that we've determined the duration needed, what about the greater lift and quicker opening/closing.  As discussed on the Performance page, high lift and quick opening are desirable attributes.  We believe that most "performance" cams (both antique and current) open and close slower than a stock cam and have less lift than they should.  The performance cams are less aggressive than a stock cam (see What Is an Aggressive Cam?).  The Mercury 8CM cam had a duration of 208 at 0.050 and 240 at 0.015 (seat-to-seat).  We'll use Crane's concept of Intensity as a measure of quick opening, defining it as the seat-to-seat duration minus the 0.050 duration.  This use of intensity only works because most of the cams in the table have a similar valve lash (see What's Wrong with 0.050 Duration?).  By this definition, the Mercury 8CM had an intensity of 32 degrees.  Some of the Ford cams had intensity as low as 27 degrees, which is about the limit for opening the valve quickly.  Ford engineers knew what they were doing when they designed the stock cams. They just designed them with low duration for good torque and drivability.
The Mercury 8CM cam had a lift of 0.338, while all of the Ford V8 cams had 0.307 lift.  It is easy to get more lift by increasing the duration, and yet, many of the performance cams have less lift than the 8CM.  We found detailed cam profile data for a NOS Winfield Semi (or 1/2 Race) cam, and used that to construct an accurate representation of the entire lift curve.  The opening half of the Winfield profile is shown (below left) together with the 8CM cam and the TilTech V8 220 cam we designed for our '40 Pickup project.  Our design is basically similar to the 8CM, but with 12 degrees more duration. That's why it's lift curve parallels the 8CM curve.  The duration at 0.050 is 208, 218 and 220 for the 8CM, Winfield and TilTech cams, respectively. The Winfield cam does not achieve the same velocity and has a much lower deceleration rate at the nose, so it does not reach the same lift.  The left graph is a bit cluttered at low lift, so the graph at the right is an expanded view of the opening part of the lift curve, with the 0.015 lift points indicated.  The Winfield cam is clearly slower to open. It has a seat-to-seat duration of 260 (252 was advertised, see table), which gives an intensity of 42 degrees, much higher than any of the stock cams.  Our cam has an intensity of 29 degrees, which is in line with the stock cams.  The conclusion is that the Winfield cam is slower opening and has less lift than a stock cam.  We believe this conclusion applies to many of the aftermarket cams.  If you believe the numbers in the table above, some cams are quick opening and others are not.  We purchased one of the quick opening cams for our pickup project.  Based on the specifications, it had an intensity of 28 degrees, which is very good.  However, after we took degree measurements, we found that the intensity was 41 degrees.  At that point, we sent the cam back and developed the TilTech V8 220 cam.  Based on experience, we have become very suspicious of seat-to-seat numbers listed for performance cams. As explained in the Cam Perfomance page, slow opening and closing contributes to poor idle and off idle performance and poor low speed torque.  If you want a lumpy idle and poor low end performance, then you should pick a slow opening/closing cam.
In the preceding paragraph, we do not wish to disparage the Winfield cams.  In fact, we regard Ed Winfield as one of our personal heroes.  Developing cam profiles in the 1950's was a tedious task. We wish that we knew how he developed his cams.  Did he use graphical methods?  He didn't have the resources of the Ford Motor Co.  Our understanding is that he was not highly educated.  Given that, some of his accomplishments are truly incredible.
We have no financial interest in the TilTech V8 cams, if you would like one for your project, you should contact Bill Stipe at Specialty Motor Cams.  If you would like a different cam designed for your application, you should contact us.
Cam Comparison     Comparison Closeup
 

Source:  http://www.tildentechnologies.com/Cams/FlatheadPerformance.html

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